History Hispanos of New Mexico

1 history

1.1 spanish governance
1.2 mexican governance
1.3 united states governance

history

spanish governance

the first spanish settlers emigrated new mexico on july 11, 1598, when explorer don juan de oñate came north mexico city new mexico 500 spanish settlers , soldiers , livestock of 7,000 animals. settlers founded san juan de los caballeros, first spanish settlement in called kingdom of new mexico, after valley of mexico.

oñate conquered territories of pueblo peoples. became first governor of new mexico. exploitation of spanish rule under oñate caused continuous attacks , reprisals nomadic amer-indian tribes on borders, apache, navajo, , comanche peoples. there major clashes between franciscan missionaries (brought new mexico convert indigenous peoples christianity , hispanicize them) , secular , religious authorities. colonists exploited indian labor, typical in other areas of spanish colonies in americas.

in 1650s, governor bernardo lópez de mendizabal, , subordinate nicolas de aguilar, enacted law force settlers , franciscans pay native americans work. opposed perceived mistreatment of indians franciscans , proposed allow indians preserve , practice culture, religion, , customs. franciscans protested law , accused governor before inquisition. later tried in mexico city. so, franciscans indirectly governed new mexico province.

in 1640s, native american groups lived along rio grande rose against spanish colonizers in became known pueblo revolt. after forcing flight of settlers/invadors new mexico, able follow own customs , laws decades before spaniards returned.

when returned province in 1692, don diego de vargas became new governor of new mexico. entered former capital bearing image of la conquistadora. native americans intrigued statue of virgin mary reputed have laid down arms @ sight of it. reconquista of new mexico reputed have been bloodless , every year since statue of virgin mary has been carried in procession through city of santa fe commemorate event.

at time of vargas arrival, new mexico under jurisdiction of royal audiencia of guadalajara , belonged viceroyalty of new spain. however, in 1777 creation of provincias internas included in jurisdiction of commandant-general. after revolt, spanish issued substantial land grants each pueblo amerindian , appointed public defender protect rights of indians , argue legal cases in spanish courts.

mexican governance

the mainland part of new spain won independence spain in 1821, , new mexico became part of new nation of mexico. spanish settlers of new mexico, , descendants, adapted mexican citizenship. hispanos choose make new mexico territory of mexico, rather state, in order have more local control on affairs. in 1836, after republic of texas gained independence, texas claimed part of province of new mexico disputed mexico. in 1841, texians sent expedition occupy area, captured mexican troops.

the revolt of 1837 in new mexico caused hispanos overthrow , execute centrally appointed mexican governor, demanding increased regional authority. revolt defeated manuel armijo, fellow hispano appointed mexico, eased people s concerns. impetus revolt class antagonism present in new mexican society. when central rule reestablished, armijo ruled province governor, though greater autonomy. in mid-1830s, new mexico began function trading hub between united states, central mexico, , mexican california.

new mexico grew economically , united states began take notice of strategic position new mexico played in western trade routes. in 1846, during mexican–american war, united states army occupied province, caused taos revolt popular insurrection in january 1847 hispanos , pueblo allies against occupation. in 2 short campaigns, u.s. troops , militia crushed rebellion. rebels regrouped , fought 3 more engagements, after being defeated, abandoned open warfare. mexico ceded territories of north united states so-called mexican cession. result, texas gained control of city of el paso, formerly in new mexico. however, in compromise of 1850 texas gave claim other areas of new mexico.

united states governance

the new mexico territory played role in trans-mississippi theater of american civil war. both confederate , union governments claimed ownership , territorial rights on it. in 1861 confederacy claimed southern tract own arizona territory , waged ambitious new mexico campaign in attempt control american southwest , open access union california. confederate power in new mexico territory broken in 1862 after battle of glorieta pass. new mexico volunteer infantry, 157 hispanic officers, union unit officers of ethnic background. along colonel miguel e. pino , lieutenant colonel jose maria valdez, belonged 2nd new mexico volunteer infantry, new mexico volunteer infantry included colonel diego archuleta (eventually promoted brigadier general), commanding officer of first new mexico volunteer infantry, colonel jose g. gallegos commander of third new mexico volunteer infantry, , lieutenant colonel francisco perea, commanded perea s militia battalion.

after mexican–american war, anglo americans began migrating in large numbers of newly acquired territory. anglos began taking lands both native americans , hispanos different means, notably squatting. squatters sold these lands land speculators huge profits, after passing of 1862 homestead act. hispanos demanded lands returned governments did not respond favorably. example, surveyor of general claims office in new mexico @ times take fifty years process claim, meanwhile, lands being grabbed newcomers. 1 tactic used defraud hispanos lands demand present documentation proving ownership written in english. because territory had been part of mexico, spanish language ownership documentation existed. while santa fe, atchison, , topeka railroad built in 1890s, speculators known santa fe ring, orchestrated schemes remove natives lands. in response, hispanos gathered reclaim lands taken anglos. hoping scare off new immigrants, used intimidation , raids accomplish goals. sought develop class-based consciousness among local people through everyday tactics of resistance economic , social order confronting common property land grant communities. called las gorras blancas term owing origin white head coverings many wore.

in january 1912, new mexico became american state, , anglophones became majority population. state s hispanos became economically disadvantaged population, becoming virtual second-class citizens compared anglos. hispanos suffered discrimination anglophone americans, questioned loyalty of these new american citizens. cultures of hispanos , immigrant anglophones mixed degree, case immigrants in other parts of united states.

the united states , new mexico state governments tried incorporate hispanos mainstream american life. examples of include: mixing of hispanos images american patriots symbols, first translation of national anthem spanish, , recruitment of numerous hispanos ranchers, horsemen, , farmers fight u.s. in both spanish american , first world wars. 1 contribution hispanos american society support women s suffrage. contributions both sides helped improve conditions of citizenship in community, social inequality between anglos , hispanos remained.

anglos , hispanics cooperated because both prosperous , poor hispanics vote , outnumbered anglos. around 1920, term spanish-american replaced mexican in polite society , in political debate. new term served interests of both groups. spanish speakers, evoked spain, not mexico, recalling images of romantic colonial past , suggesting future of equality in anglo-dominated america. anglos, on other hand, useful term upgraded state s image, old image mexican land suggested violence , disorder, , had discouraged capital investment , set statehood campaign. new term gave impression spanish-americans belonged true american political culture, making established order appear more democratic.