Research directions Neuromyelitis optica

currently, promising non-aquaporin biomarker presence of anti-mog autoantibody, anti-aqp4 can classify nmo cases in 4 classes, according presence or absence of of 2 antibodies.

mog antibodies considered absent in multiple sclerosis. therefore, can said anti-mog group contained inside aqp-negative nmo.

the clinical course , response therapy different these groups, showing better prognosis in nmo-ab(−)/mog-ab(−) group, , worse prognosis in nmo-ab(+)/mog-ab(+) group. mog-related neuromyelitis optica can radiologically identified conus involvement. myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–positive patients more have conus involvement on spinal magnetic resonance imaging.

other aqp4-negative variants

other auto-antibody under research flotillin. has been found in seronegative nmo , ms patients

finally, other proteins under study connexin 43 , anti-aqp1 though, of 2015, there initial reports involvement of these proteins

the group aqp+/mog+ small , can considered coincidence of 2 independent problems in same person. assuming these cases verified, 5 different kinds of nmo being considered:

nmo derived autoimmune channelopathy (aqp4-ab+), around 80% of cases
nmo derived antimog associated encephalomyelitis, around 10% of cases
connexin-43 nmo
aquaporin-1 associated nmo
idiopatic nmo, defined absence of previous antibodies




^ papadopoulos mc, verkman (june 2012). aquaporin 4 , neuromyelitis optica . lancet neurol. 11 (6): 535–44. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70133-3. pmc 3678971 . pmid 22608667. 
^ iorio, r.; rindi, g.; erra, c.; damato, v.; ferilli, m.; sabatelli, m. (25 february 2015). neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder paraneoplastic manifestation of lung adenocarcinoma expressing aquaporin-4 . multiple sclerosis journal. 21 (6): 791–794. doi:10.1177/1352458515572241. pmid 25716881. 
^ misu, tatsuro; höftberger, romana; fujihara, kazuo; wimmer, isabella; takai, yoshiki; nishiyama, shuhei; nakashima, ichiro; konno, hidehiko; bradl, monika; garzuly, ferenc; itoyama, yasuto; aoki, masashi; lassmann, hans (12 april 2013). presence of 6 different lesion types suggests diverse mechanisms of tissue injury in neuromyelitis optica . acta neuropathologica. 125 (6): 815–827. doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1116-7. pmc 3661909 . pmid 23579868. 
^ kezuka, takeshi; usui, yoshihiko; yamakawa, naoyuki; matsunaga, yoshimichi; matsuda, ryusaku; masuda, masayuki; utsumi, hiroya; tanaka, keiko; goto, hiroshi (june 2012). relationship between nmo-antibody , anti–mog antibody in optic neuritis . journal of neuro-ophthalmology. 32 (2): 107–110. doi:10.1097/wno.0b013e31823c9b6c. pmid 22157536. 
^ ketelslegers, i. a.; van pelt, d. e.; bryde, s.; neuteboom, r. f.; catsman-berrevoets, c. e.; hamann, d.; hintzen, r. q. (6 february 2015). anti-mog antibodies plead against ms diagnosis in acquired demyelinating syndromes cohort . multiple sclerosis journal. 21 (12): 1513–1520. doi:10.1177/1352458514566666. pmid 25662345. 
^ cite error: named reference probstel invoked never defined (see page).
^ kitley, joanna; waters, patrick; woodhall, mark; leite, m. isabel; murchison, andrew; george, jithin; küker, wilhelm; chandratre, saleel; vincent, angela; palace, jacqueline (1 march 2014). neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders aquaporin-4 , myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies . jama neurology. 71 (3): 276–83. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5857. pmid 24425068. 
^ s. hahn et al. identification of flotillin-1/2 heterocomplex target of autoantibodies in bona fide multiple sclerosis. journal of neuroinflammation 201714:123, doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0900-z
^ cite error: named reference masaki2013 invoked never defined (see page).
^ cite error: named reference referencea invoked never defined (see page).
^ cite error: named reference melania spadaro pages 295 invoked never defined (see page).