Background November Treaties

-



1 background

1.1 franco-prussian warr
1.2 attitudes in baden, württemberg , hesse
1.3 attitudes in bavaria





background
franco-prussian warr

after austro-prussian war of 1866, north german states had joined north german confederation under leadership of prussia. in 1870, france under napoleon iii declared war on prussia , triggered franco-prussian war. france surprised fact bavaria, württemberg, baden , hesse had joined prussia, although there had been mutual covenants of protection , trusts since 1867.


during war, in prussians won, near-reaching agreement emerged , road founding empire opened. otto von bismarck, chancellor of north german confederation, pressed diplomatic access remaining sovereign states, grand duchy of baden, grand duchy of hesse, kingdom of württemberg , kingdom of bavaria, in sens of lesser german solution. governments differed in unity. therefore needed diplomatic skills maintain sovereignty of southern german states @ same time , anchor unity of constitutional law. in addition, foreign policies attracted suspicion of remaining european powers (russian empire, austria-hungary , united kingdom of great britain , ireland) , had avoided.


attitudes in baden, württemberg , hesse

the grand duchy of baden unconditionally behind unity. grand duke frederick , prime minister julius jolly articulated requests on 3 september 1870. had applied part of north german confederation in 1867 , repeatedly during spring of 1870, north german government rejected bismarck s foreign policy considerations.


the kingdom of württemberg supported greater germany-austria. under influence of württemberg german party, cabinet, governed king charles i, sent envoy german headquarters in france on 12 september, conduct negotiations north german confederation forming association.


the government of grand duchy of hesse supported idea of greater germany, upper hesse region , troops of south hesse belonged north german confederation, meant predicament government under grand duke louis iii. population , successor throne, louis iv, supported lesser german solution. accordingly, government abandoned greater germany idea , entered negotiaions north german confederation.


attitudes in bavaria

the kingdom of bavaria opposed 4 sovereign states of lesser germany. king ludwig ii concerned independence. avoid being isolated, bavaria entered negotiations proposal of new constitutional alliance. constitutional alliance led founding new federation new federal constitution.


bavaria promised maintain independence , integrity of bavaria in letter prussian king. virtue of treaty on 23 november 1870, between north german confederation , kingdom of bavaria, bavaria retained many other so-called reserve rights, such own army, postal system , own state railway, in addition cultural , fiscal sovereignty. in january 1871, bavarian parliament adopted treaty after great resistance, bavarian patriots.


see also: history of bavaria








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

United Kingdom List of armoured fighting vehicles by country

-
1 united kingdom 1.1 tanks 1.1.1 first world war 1.1.2 interwar 1.1.3 second world war 1.2 self propelled artillery 1.3 armoured cars 1.4 armoured personnel carriers , support vehicles united kingdom armoured fighting vehicles produced in united kingdom tanks first world war little willie (prototype; world war i) mother (prototype; world war i) mark heavy tank (150; world war i) mark ii heavy tank (50; world war i) mark iii heavy tank (50; world war i) mark iv heavy tank (1220; world war i) mark v heavy tank (1242; world war i) mark viii liberty anglo-american heavy tank (25, 1919) mark ix armoured personnel carrier (34; world war i) medium mark whippet medium tank (200; world war i) medium mark b medium tank (102; world war i) medium mark c medium tank (50; world war i) interwar vickers 6-ton light tank mk ii light tank mk iii light tank mk iv light tank mk v light tank mk vi vickers a1e1 independent tank prototype vickers medium mark i vickers medium mark ii vickers medium mark i...
Read more

Fleet Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces

-
1 fleet 1.1 current 1.1.1 fleet equipment 1.1.2 ground forces organization 1.1.3 naval ground forces equipment 1.2 historic fleet current fleet equipment 2 rio damuji class frigates, 1 x 57mm gun, 2 styx surface-to-surface missiles, 1 x 12.7mm machine gun, 2 x 25mm machine guns. 4 ( + 2 civilian use) delfin class midget submarines, 2 torpedo launchers 6 torpedoes. derived north korean yugo class submarine. 1 pauk ii fast patrol craft, coastal 1 x 76 mm gun, 4 anti-submarine torpedo tube, 2 anti-submarine weapon rocket launcher – 495 tons full load – commissioned 1990. 6 former soviet union (fsu) osa ii pfm missile boats; 13 type ii transferred. 3 ex-soviet union (fsu) sonya mine sweeper coastal; 4 transferred. 5 former soviet union (fsu) yevgenya mine sweeper inshore; 11 transferred. 1 intelligence collection vessel. ground forces organization 2 amphibious assault battalions. 1 coastal defense field artillery regiment 1 coastal defense missile artillery regiment 1 light armored bat...
Read more

Advert synopses Orson Welles Paul Masson adverts

-
1 advert synopses 1.1 1978 - original advert - beethoven, emerald dry 1.2 subsequent adverts 1.2.1 1978 - dressing room, rhine castle 1.2.2 1978 - house party, champagne 1.2.3 1979 - gone wind, emerald dry 1.2.4 1980 - french champagne 1.2.5 1980 - chateau tasting party, chablis 1.2.6 1980 - barbecue, burgundy 1.2.7 1981 - europeans, carafe 1.2.8 1980-1981 - print adverts, pinot chardonnay , cabernet sauvignon advert synopses 1978 - original advert - beethoven, emerald dry beethoven the first paul masson advert had welles listening opening of beethoven s fifth symphony on record player, , remarking, took beethoven 4 years write symphony. things can t rushed: music, , wine. paul masson s emerald dry, delicious white wine. paul masson s wines taste because re made such care. paul masson himself said century ago still true today: sell no wine before time. john annarino recalls welles difficult on set, , first advert no exception: filming first commercial near disaster. when our dire...
Read more