Types and characteristics Juris Doctor

as stated james hall , christopher langdell, 2 people involved in creation of j.d., j.d. professional degree m.d., intended prepare practitioners through scientific approach of analysing , teaching law through logic , adversarial analysis (such casebook , socratic methods). has existed described in united states on 100 years, , can therefore termed standard or traditional j.d. program. j.d. program requires bachelor s degree entry, though requirement waived. program of study degree has remained substantially unchanged since creation, , intensive study of substantive law , professional applications (and therefore requires no thesis, although lengthy writing project required). professional training, provides sufficient training entry practice (no apprenticeship necessary sit bar exam). requires @ least 3 academic years of full-time study. while j.d. doctoral degree in us, lawyers use suffix of esquire opposed prefix dr. although calling american lawyer doctor not incorrect, provided attorney has j.d. or other doctoral degree (as opposed ll.b., baccalaureate, not doctorate), title more commonly used in europe , asia in u.s. or canada.

replacement ll.b.

an initial attempt rename ll.b. j.d. in in 20th century started petition @ harvard in 1902. rejected, idea took hold @ new law school established @ university of chicago , other universities , 1925 80% of law schools gave j.d. graduate entrants, while restricting undergraduate entrants (who followed same curriculum) ll.b. yet change rejected harvard, yale , columbia, , late 1920s schools moving away j.d. , once again granting ll.b, illinois law schools holding out. changed in 1960s, time law school entrants graduates. j.d. reintroduced in 1962 , 1971 had replaced ll.b., again without change in curriculum, many schools going far offer j.d. ll.b. alumni small fee.

canadian , australian universities have law programs similar j.d. programs in united states. these include queen s university, university of british columbia, university of alberta, university of victoria, université de moncton, university of calgary, university of saskatchewan, university of manitoba, university of windsor, university of ottawa, university of western ontario, york university , university of toronto in canada, rmit , university of melbourne in australia. therefore, when j.d. program introduced @ these institutions, mere renaming of second-entry ll.b. program , entailed no significant substantive changes curricula. reason given doing because of international popularity , recognizability of j.d., , need recognize demanding graduate characteristics of program. because these programs in institutions heavily influenced in uk, j.d. programs have small scholarly element (see chart above, entitled comparisons of j.d. variants ). , because legal systems influenced of uk, apprenticeship still required before being qualified apply license practice (see country sections below, under descriptions of j.d. outside u.s. ).