Geography of historical Champa Champa

depiction of fighting cham naval soldier against khmer, stone relief @ bayon



closeup of inscription in cham script on po nagar stele, 965. stele describes feats champa kings.



vijaya located in present-day bình Định province. mention made of vijaya in 1160 inscription @ po nagar. capital has been identified archaeological site @ cha ban. associated port @ present-day qui nhơn. important excavations have been conducted @ nearby thap mam, may have been religious , cultural centre. vijaya became political , cultural centre of champa around 1000, when northern capital of indrapura abandoned due pressure viet. remained centre of champa until 1471, when sacked viet , centre of champa again displaced toward south. in time, principality of vijaya controlled of present-day quang-nam, quang-ngai, bình Định, , phú yên provinces.
kauthara located in area of modern nha trang in khánh hòa province. religious , cultural centre temple of po nagar, several towers of still stand @ nha trang. kauthara first mentioned in ad 784 inscription @ po nagar.
panduranga located in area of present-day phan rang in ninh thuận province. panduranga last of cham territories annexed vietnamese. panduranga first mentioned in 817 inscription @ po nagar.

within 4 principalities 2 main clans: dua , cau . dua lived in amravati , vijaya, while cau lived in kauthara , panduranga. 2 clans differed in customs , habits , conflicting interests led many clashes , war. managed settle disagreements through intermarriage.