Alterations in flora balance Gut flora

1 alterations in flora balance

1.1 effects of antibiotic use
1.2 pregnancy
1.3 probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, , pharmabiotics

alterations in flora balance
effects of antibiotic use

altering numbers of gut bacteria, example taking broad-spectrum antibiotics, may affect host s health , ability digest food. antibiotics can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) irritating bowel directly, changing levels of gut flora, or allowing pathogenic bacteria grow. harmful effect of antibiotics increase in numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria found after use, which, when invade host, cause illnesses difficult treat antibiotics.

changing numbers , species of gut flora can reduce body s ability ferment carbohydrates , metabolize bile acids , may cause diarrhea. carbohydrates not broken down may absorb water , cause runny stools, or lack of scfas produced gut flora cause diarrhea.

a reduction in levels of native bacterial species disrupts ability inhibit growth of harmful species such c. difficile , salmonella kedougou, , these species can out of hand, though overgrowth may incidental , not true cause of diarrhea. emerging treatment protocols c. difficile infections involve fecal microbiota transplantation of donor feces. (see fecal transplant). initial reports of treatment describe success rates of 90%, few side effects. efficacy speculated result restoring bacterial balances of bacteroides , firmicutes classes of bacteria.

gut flora composition changes in severe illnesses, due not antibiotic use such factors ischemia of gut, failure eat, , immune compromise. negative effects have led interest in selective digestive tract decontamination (sdd), treatment kill pathogenic bacteria , allow re-establishment of healthy ones.

antibiotics alter population of gastrointestinal (gi) tract microbiota, may change intra-community metabolic interactions, modify caloric intake using carbohydrates, , globally affects host metabolic, hormonal , immune homeostasis.

there reasonable evidence taking probiotics containing lactobacillus species may prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea , taking probiotics saccharomyces (e.g., saccharomyces boulardii ) may prevent clostridium difficile infection following systemic antibiotic treatment.

pregnancy

women s gut microbiota change pregnancy advances, changes similar seen in metabolic syndromes such diabetes. change in gut flora causes no ill effects. newborn s gut biota resemble mother s first-trimester samples. diversity of flora decreases first third trimester, numbers of species go up.

probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, , pharmabiotics

probiotics microorganisms believed provide health benefits when consumed. regard gut flora, prebiotics typically non-digestible, fiber compounds pass undigested through upper part of gastrointestinal tract , stimulate growth or activity of advantageous gut flora acting substrate them.

synbiotics refers food ingredients or dietary supplements combining probiotics , prebiotics in form of synergism.

the term pharmabiotics used in various ways, mean: pharmaceutical formulations (standardized manufacturing can obtain regulatory approval drug) of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics; probiotics have been genetically engineered or otherwise optimized best performance (shelf life, survival in digestive tract, etc.); , natural products of gut flora metabolism (vitamins, etc.).

there evidence treatment probiotic strains of bacteria may effective in irritable bowel syndrome , chronic idiopathic constipation. organisms result in decrease of symptoms have included:

streptococcus faecium
lactobacillus plantarum
lactobacillus rhamnosus
propionibacterium freudenreichii
bifidobacterium breve
lactobacillus reuteri
lactobacillus salivarius
bifidobacterium infantis
streptococcus thermophilus

gram positive bacteria present in lumen may associated extending duration of relapse ulcerative colitis.