Creation of the J.D. and major common law approaches to legal education Juris Doctor

1 creation of j.d. , major common law approaches legal education

1.1 legal education in united states

1.1.1 creation of juris doctor


1.2 major common law approaches

creation of j.d. , major common law approaches legal education

the j.d. originated in united states during movement improve training of professions. prior origination of j.d., law students began law school either high school diploma, or less amount of undergraduate study required earn bachelor s degree. ll.b. persisted through middle of twentieth century, after completed bachelor s degree became requirement virtually students entering law school. didactic approaches resulted revolutionary university education , have been implemented outside u.s., (since 1997) , in stages. degrees resulted new approach, such m.d. , j.d., different european counterparts educational approaches differ.

legal education in united states

professional doctorates developed in united states in 19th century, first being doctor of medicine in 1807, professional law degree took more time. @ time legal system in united states still in development educational institutions developing. status of legal profession @ time still ambiguous; therefore, development of legal degree took time. when universities offered training in law, did not offer degree. because in united states there no inns of court, , english academic degrees did not provide necessary professional training, models england inapplicable, , degree program took time develop. @ first degree took form of b.l. (such @ college of william , mary), harvard, keen on importing legitimacy through trappings of oxford , cambridge, implemented ll.b. degree. controversial @ time because professional training without of cultural or classical studies required of degree in england, necessary gain general ba prior llb or bcl until nineteenth century. thus, though name of english ll.b. degree implemented @ harvard, program in u.s. nonetheless intended first degree which, unlike english b.a., gave practical or professional training in law.

creation of juris doctor

in mid-19th century there concern quality of legal education in united states. christopher columbus langdell, served dean of harvard law school 1870 1895, dedicated life reforming legal education in united states. historian robert stevens wrote langdell s goal turn legal profession university educated one—and not @ undergraduate level, through three-year post baccalaureate degree. graduate level study allow intensive legal training langdell had developed, known case method (a method of studying landmark cases) , socratic method (a method of examining students on reasoning of court in cases studied). therefore, graduate high level law degree proposed, juris doctor, implementing case , socratic methods didactic approach. according professor j. h. beale, 1882 harvard law graduate, 1 of main arguments change uniformity. harvard s 4 professional schools of theology, law, medicine , arts , sciences graduate schools, , degrees therefore second degree. 2 of them conferred doctorate , other 2 baccalaureate degree. change ll.b. j.d. intended end discrimination, practice of conferring first degree upon persons have primary degree . j.d. proposed equivalent of j.u.d. in germany reflect advanced study required effective lawyer.

the university of chicago law school first offer j.d. while approval still pending @ harvard, degree introduced @ many other law schools including @ law schools @ nyu, berkeley, michigan , stanford. because of tradition, , concerns less prominent universities implementing j.d. program, prominent eastern law schools of harvard, yale , columbia refused implement degree. indeed, pressure them led every law school (except @ university of chicago , other law schools in illinois) abandon j.d. , readopt ll.b. first law degree 1930s.

it after 1962 new push—this time begun @ less-prominent law schools—successfully led universal adoption of j.d. first law degree. student , alumni support key in ll.b.-to-j.d. change, , prominent schools convinced make change: columbia , harvard in 1969, , yale, last, in 1971. nonetheless, ll.b. @ yale retained didactical changes of practitioners courses of 1826 , different ll.b. in common law countries other canada.

following standard modern academic practice, harvard law school refers master of laws , doctor of juridical science degrees graduate level law degrees. similarly, columbia refers ll.m. , j.s.d. graduate program. yale law school lists ll.m., m.s.l., j.s.d., , ph.d. constituting graduate programs. distinction remains between professional , graduate law degrees in united states.

major common law approaches

the english legal system root of systems of other common-law countries, such united states. originally, common lawyers in england trained exclusively in inns of court. though took 150 years since common law education began blackstone @ oxford university education part of legal training in england , wales, ll.b. became degree taken before becoming lawyer. in england , wales ll.b. undergraduate scholarly program , although (assuming qualifying law degree) fulfills academic requirements becoming lawyer, further vocational , professional training either barrister (the bar professional training course followed pupillage) or solicitor (the legal practice course followed period of recognised training ) required before becoming licensed in jurisdiction. qualifying law degree in english universities llb although in some, including oxford , cambridge, ba in law. both of these can taken senior status in 2 years holding undergraduate degree in discipline. few universities offer exempting degrees, integrated master s degrees denominated master in law (mlaw), combine qualifying law degree legal practice course or bar professional training course in four-year, undergraduate-entry program.

legal education in canada has unique variations other commonwealth countries. though legal system of canada transplant of english system (quebec excepted), canadian system unique in there no inns of court, practical training occurs in office of barrister , solicitor law society membership, and, since 1889, university degree has been prerequisite initiating articling clerkship. education in law schools in canada similar in united states @ turn of 20th century, greater concentration on statutory drafting , interpretation, , elements of liberal education. bar associations in canada influenced changes @ harvard, , quicker nationally implement changes proposed in united states, such requiring previous college education before studying law.