Modern variants and curriculum Juris Doctor

1 modern variants , curriculum

1.1 types , characteristics

1.1.1 standard juris doctor curriculum
1.1.2 replacement ll.b.


1.2 descriptions of j.d. outside u.s.

1.2.1 australia
1.2.2 canada
1.2.3 china
1.2.4 hong kong
1.2.5 india
1.2.6 italy
1.2.7 japan
1.2.8 mexico
1.2.9 philippines
1.2.10 singapore
1.2.11 united kingdom

modern variants , curriculum

legal education rooted in history , structure of legal system of jurisdiction education given, therefore law degrees vastly different country country, making comparisons among degrees problematic. has proven true in context of various forms of j.d. have been implemented around world.

until 1997 j.d. unique law schools in u.s. rise in international success of law firms united states, , rise in students outside u.s. attending u.s. law schools, attorneys j.d. have become increasingly common internationally. therefore, prestige of j.d. has risen, , many universities outside u.s. have started offer j.d., express purpose of raising prestige of law school , graduates. such institutions aim appropriate name of degree only, , new j.d. program of study same of traditional law degree, more scholarly in purpose professional training intended j.d. created in u.s. various characteristics can therefore seen among j.d. degrees implemented in universities around world.

types , characteristics

until recently, law schools in united states offered juris doctor. starting 1997, universities in other countries began introducing j.d. first professional degree in law, differences appropriate legal systems of countries in these law schools situated.

standard juris doctor curriculum

as stated james hall , christopher langdell, 2 people involved in creation of j.d., j.d. professional degree m.d., intended prepare practitioners through scientific approach of analysing , teaching law through logic , adversarial analysis (such casebook , socratic methods). has existed described in united states on 100 years, , can therefore termed standard or traditional j.d. program. j.d. program requires bachelor s degree entry, though requirement waived. program of study degree has remained substantially unchanged since creation, , intensive study of substantive law , professional applications (and therefore requires no thesis, although lengthy writing project required). professional training, provides sufficient training entry practice (no apprenticeship necessary sit bar exam). requires @ least 3 academic years of full-time study. while j.d. doctoral degree in us, lawyers use suffix of esquire opposed prefix dr. although calling american lawyer doctor not incorrect, provided attorney has j.d. or other doctoral degree (as opposed ll.b., baccalaureate, not doctorate), title more commonly used in europe , asia in u.s. or canada.

replacement ll.b.

an initial attempt rename ll.b. j.d. in in 20th century started petition @ harvard in 1902. rejected, idea took hold @ new law school established @ university of chicago , other universities , 1925 80% of law schools gave j.d. graduate entrants, while restricting undergraduate entrants (who followed same curriculum) ll.b. yet change rejected harvard, yale , columbia, , late 1920s schools moving away j.d. , once again granting ll.b, illinois law schools holding out. changed in 1960s, time law school entrants graduates. j.d. reintroduced in 1962 , 1971 had replaced ll.b., again without change in curriculum, many schools going far offer j.d. ll.b. alumni small fee.

canadian , australian universities have law programs similar j.d. programs in united states. these include queen s university, university of british columbia, university of alberta, university of victoria, université de moncton, university of calgary, university of saskatchewan, university of manitoba, university of windsor, university of ottawa, university of western ontario, york university , university of toronto in canada, rmit , university of melbourne in australia. therefore, when j.d. program introduced @ these institutions, mere renaming of second-entry ll.b. program , entailed no significant substantive changes curricula. reason given doing because of international popularity , recognizability of j.d., , need recognize demanding graduate characteristics of program. because these programs in institutions heavily influenced in uk, j.d. programs have small scholarly element (see chart above, entitled comparisons of j.d. variants ). , because legal systems influenced of uk, apprenticeship still required before being qualified apply license practice (see country sections below, under descriptions of j.d. outside u.s. ).

descriptions of j.d. outside u.s.

australia

the traditional law degree in australia undergraduate bachelor of laws (llb), there has been huge shift towards jd in past 5 years, australian universities offering jd programme, including country s best ranked universities (e.g. university of new south wales, university of sydney, australian national university, university of melbourne).

generally, universities offer jd offer llb, though @ universities, jd offered, , @ postgraduate levels. due recent changes in undergraduate degree structuring, universities, such university of melbourne, allow law studied @ postgraduate level, , jd has replaced llb.

an australian juris doctor consists of 3 years of full-time study, or equivalent. course varies across different universities, though obliged teach priestley 11 subjects if wish students able practice law in australia. llb graduates, graduates of jd need complete practical legal training (plt) requirement before eligible admission practice. universities, such university of technology, sydney, have begun offering plt part of jd, though unusual, plt undertaken in employment.

on australian qualifications framework, juris doctor classified masters degree (extended) , exception having been granted use title juris doctor (other such exceptions include doctor of medicine, doctor of dentistry , doctor of veterinary medicine). may not described doctoral degree, , holders may not use title doctor . along other extended master s degrees, jd takes 3-4 years following minimum of 3-year bachelor s degree.

canada

the j.d. degree dominant law degree in canada, replacing traditional ll.b. degree prominent in commonwealth countries. university of toronto became first rename law degree ll.b. j.d. in 2001. second-entry ll.b., in order admitted juris doctor program, applicants must have completed minimum of 2 or 3 years of study toward bachelor s degree , scored high on north american law school admission test. practical matter, successful applicants have completed 1 or more degrees before admission canadian common law school, although despite is, along other first professional degrees, considered bachelor s degree-level qualification. canadian juris doctor programs consist of 3 years, , have similar content in mandatory first year courses. mandatory first year courses in canadian law schools outside quebec include public law (i.e. provincial law, constitutional law, , administrative law), property law, tort law, contract law, criminal law, , legal research , writing. beyond first year , other courses required graduation, course selection elective various concentrations such commercial , corporate law, taxation, international law, natural resources law, real estate transactions, employment law, criminal law, , aboriginal law. after graduation accredited law school, each province s or territory s law society requires completion of bar admission course or examination, , period of supervised articling prior independent practice.

use of j.d. designation canadian law schools not intended indicate emphasis on american law, rather distinguish canadian law degrees english law degrees, not require prior undergraduate study. canadian j.d. degree in canadian law. accordingly, united states jurisdictions other new york , massachusetts not recognize canadian juris doctor degrees automatically. equivalent manner in united states j.d. graduates treated in canadian jurisdictions such ontario. prepare graduates practise in jurisdictions on both sides of border, pairs of law schools, such new york university (nyu) law school , osgoode hall law school, university of ottawa law school , michigan state university law school or american university, , university of windsor law school , university of detroit mercy law school, have developed joint american-canadian j.d. programs.

two notable exceptions université de montréal , université de sherbrooke, both offer one-year j.d. program aimed @ quebec civil law graduates in order practice law either elsewhere in canada or in state of new york.

york university offered degree of doctor of jurisprudence (d.jur.) research degree until 2002, when name of program changed ph.d. in law.

china

j.d.s not awarded in people s republic of china (p.r.c.). instead, j.m. (juris magister) awarded counterpart of jd in united states, professional degree in law in china. primary law degree in p.r.c. bachelor of law. in fall of 2008 shenzhen campus of peking university started school of transnational law, offers u.s.-style education , awards both chinese master s degree and, special authorization of government, j.d.

hong kong

the j.d. degree offered @ chinese university of hong kong, university of hong kong, , city university of hong kong. degree known 法律博士 in chinese, , in cantonese pronounced faat leot bok si. j.d. in hong kong identical ll.b. , reserved graduates of non-law disciplines, j.d. considered graduate-level degree , requires thesis or dissertation. ll.b. there scholarly content in required coursework. although universities offering degree claim j.d. two-year program, completing degree in 2 years require study during summer term. jd is, despite title, considered master s degree universities offer in hong kong, , positioned @ master s level in hong kong qualifications framework. neither ll.b. nor j.d. provides education sufficient license practice, graduates of both required undertake pcll course , solicitor traineeship or barrister pupillage.

india

at time juris doctor not exist in india; no official entity in india authorizes award of such degree.

italy

no university in italy awards juris doctor degree, nor there plans implement degree. however, law degree in italy longer (5 years of coursework) standard undergraduate program, , lawyers in italy use title of doctor (italian law authorizes university graduates, including undergraduate programs, use title of doctor).

japan

in japan j.d. known homu hakushi (法務博士). program lasts 3 years. 2 year j.d. programs applicants legal knowledge (mainly undergraduate level law degree holders) offered. curriculum professionally oriented, not provide education sufficient license practice attorney in japan, candidates license must have 12 month practical training legal training , research institute after passing bar examination. us, juris doctor classed professional degree (専門職) in japan, separate academic postgraduate sequence of master s degrees , doctorates.

mexico

to become licensed lawyer, person must hold licenciado en derecho degree obtainable 4 5 years of academic study , final examination. after these undergraduate studies possible obtain maestría degree, equivalent master s degree. degree requires 2 3 years of academic studies. finally, 1 can study additional 3 years obtain doctor en derecho degree, research degree @ doctoral level. since universities , law schools must have approval ministry of education (secretaría de educación pública) through general office of professions (direccion general de profesiones) of academic programs similar throughout country in public , private law schools.

philippines

in philippines, j.d. exists alongside more common ll.b. standard ll.b, requires 4 years of study, considered graduate degree , requires prior undergraduate study prerequisite admission, , covers core subjects required bar examinations. however, j.d. requires students finish core bar subjects in 2½ years; take elective courses (such legal theory, philosophy, , theology); undergo apprenticeship; , write , defend thesis.

the degree first conferred in philippines ateneo de manila law school, first developed model program later adopted schools offering j.d.. after ateneo, schools such university of batangas college of law , de la salle lipa college of law began offering j.d., schools such far eastern university institute of law offering de la salle university s ramon v. del rosario college of business country s first j.d. - mba program. in 2008, university of philippines college of law began conferring j.d. on graduates, school choosing rename ll.b. program j.d. because accurately reflect nature of education university provides nomenclature not accurately reflect fact ll.b. professional post baccalaureate degree. in 2009, pamantasan ng lungsod ng maynila (plm) , silliman university college of law shifted respective ll.b programs juris doctor -applying change incoming freshmen students school year 2009–2010. newly established de la salle university college of law likewise offering j.d., although offer program using trimestral calendar, unlike model curriculum uses semestral calendar.

singapore

the degree of doctor of jurisprudence (j.d.) offered @ singapore management university (smu), , treated qualifying law degree purposes of admission legal profession in singapore. graduate of programme qualified person under singapore s legislation governing entry legal profession, , eligible admission singapore bar.

however, counterpart bachelor of laws (ll.b.), whether obtained national university of singapore, singapore management university or recognised overseas universities ( approved universities ), smu j.d. not in sufficient entry singapore legal profession. qualified persons still required fulfill other criteria admission singapore bar, importantly being completion of part b of singapore bar examinations, , completion of practice training contract.

united kingdom

the quality assurance agency consulted in 2014 on inclusion of juris doctor in uk framework higher education qualifications exception rule doctor should used doctoral degrees. proposed juris doctor award @ bachelor level , not confer right use title doctor . not incorporated final framework published in november 2014.

the jd degree awarded uk university @ queens university belfast. 3–4 year degree specified being professional doctorate @ doctoral qualifications level in uk framework, sitting above llm , including 30,000 word dissertation demonstrating creation , interpretation of new knowledge, through original research or other advanced scholarship, of quality satisfy peer review, extend forefront of discipline, , merit publication must passed in order gain degree.

joint llb/jd courses limited number of students offered university college london, king s college london , london school of economics in collaboration columbia university in us, responsible award of jd. these four-year undergraduate courses leading award of both british llb , jd.

both university of southampton , university of surrey offer two-year graduate-entry llbs described jd pathway degrees, aimed particularly @ canadian students.