21st century History of South America

1 21st century

1.1 turn left
1.2 pink tide
1.3 politics

21st century
a turn left

according bbc, common element of pink tide clean break known @ outset of 1990s washington consensus , mixture of open markets , privatisation pushed united states . according cristina fernández de kirchner, pink tide president herself, hugo chávez of venezuela (inaugurated 1999), lula da silva of brazil (inaugurated 2003) , evo morales of bolivia (inaugurated 2006) 3 musketeers of left in south america. 2005, bbc reported out of 350 million people in south america, 3 out of 4 of them lived in countries ruled left-leaning presidents elected during preceding 6 years.

despite presence of number of latin american governments profess embracing leftist ideology, difficult categorise latin american states according dominant political tendencies, red-blue post-electoral map of united states. according institute policy studies, liberal non-profit think-tank based in washington, d.c.:

while political shift difficult quantify, effects noticed. according institute policy studies, 2006 meetings of south american summit of nations , social forum integration of peoples demonstrated discussions used take place on margins of dominant discourse of neoliberalism, (have) moved centre of public debate.

pink tide

rafael correa, evo morales, néstor kirchner, cristina fernández, luiz inácio lula da silva, nicanor duarte, , hugo chávez @ signing of founding charter of bank of south

the term pink tide (spanish: marea rosa, portuguese: onda rosa) or turn left (sp.: vuelta hacia la izquierda, pt.: guinada à esquerda) phrases used in contemporary 21st century political analysis in media , elsewhere describe perception leftist ideology in general, , left-wing politics in particular, increasingly becoming influential in latin america.

since 2000s, or 1990s in countries, left-wing political parties have risen power. hugo chávez in venezuela, lula da silva , dilma rousseff in brazil, fernando lugo in paraguay, néstor , cristina kirchner in argentina, tabaré vázquez , josé mujica in uruguay, lagos , bachelet governments in chile, evo morales in bolivia, , rafael correa of ecuador part of wave of left-wing politicians declare socialists, latin americanists or anti-imperialists.

her excellency dilma rousseff, 36th president of brazil



the list of socialist south american presidents is, date of election, following


1998: hugo chávez, venezuela
1999: ricardo lagos, chile
2002: luís inácio lula da silva, brazil
2002: lucio gutiérrez, ecuador
2003: néstor kirchner, argentina
2004: tabaré vázquez, uruguay
2005: evo morales, bolivia
2006: michelle bachelet, chile
2006: rafael correa, ecuador
2007: cristina kirchner, argentina
2008: fernando lugo, paraguay
2009: josé mujica, uruguay
2010: dilma rousseff, brazil
2011: ollanta humala, peru
2013: nicolás maduro, venezuela
2017: lenín moreno, ecuador

in 2008, union of south american nations (usan) founded, revealing south american ambition of economic integration, plans political integration in european union style. seen american political commentators pivotal moment in loss of u.s. hegemony in region. according noam chomsky, usan represents first time since european conquest, latin america began move towards integration .

politics

during first decade of 21st century, south american governments have drifted political left, leftist leaders being elected in chile, uruguay, brazil, argentina, ecuador, bolivia, paraguay, peru , venezuela. south american countries making increasing use of protectionist policies, undermining greater global integration helping local development.

recently, intergovernmental entity has been formed aims merge 2 existing customs unions: mercosur , andean community, forming third-largest trade bloc in world. new political organization known union of south american nations seeks establish free movement of people, economic development, common defense policy , elimination of tariffs.

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