History Programadora

1 history

1.1 1950s-70s
1.2 licitación
1.3 1991 changes
1.4 privatization, recession , crisis
1.5 after crisis

history
1950s-70s

in 1955, colombian government created model of national television next 4 decades. preceding year, lone national channel had focused exclusively on educational , cultural programs. however, fall in world price of coffee, country s principal export, forced government cut portion of budget allotted television.

private companies bid lease timeslots air shows on cadena nacional (national channel), tv network in country. government, in turn (from 1964, through inravisión, state broadcaster), chose timeslots , programs should air, , operated national television infrastructure. first of major production companies began spring up, such producciones punch (the first programadora, founded in 1956) , rti colombia. radio networks rcn (in 1967) , caracol (in 1963) entered new medium of television; initial joint effort, programadora known tvc, briefly held contract program as 50% of broadcast day, did not meet success. when colombia gained second national channel in 1972, segunda cadena, companies assigned slots on both channels indiscriminately, , mixed system began 26-year reign undisputed model of commercial television in colombia.

the licitación

every several years—often in every government—bidding cycles known licitaciones opened. @ these times, new potential programadoras bid, old ones compete new positions, , leave air. @ start of next calendar year, television schedules changed. these bidding cycles occurred in 1972, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1991 (see below), , 1997. (note varied length of concessions: 3 years in 1970s, 2 years in 1980s, 4 years in mid-late 1980s, , 6 years after passage of colombian constitution of 1991.) there small licitación in 1991 award former slots of promec televisión , jorge enrique pulido tv; larger off-cycle licitación in 1996 awarded former slots of producciones cinevisión , 1 in 2000 awarded spaces returned programadoras including tevecine , dfl televisión.

newscasts particularly affected these bidding periods, being particular points of pressure political parties. new ones appear after licitaciones , old ones might disappear (such qap after 1997) or move new time slots (for instance, datos y mensajes , flagship noticiero tv hoy wound moving weekdays weekends in 1992; noticiero 24 horas in 1998 found moving traditional 7pm time 12:30pm). newscasts either ran on weekdays or on weekends , holidays. @ licitaciones (such 1991), wishing bid newscast not bid other programming. pressure equal political representation made production of newscasts among coveted , scrutinized elements of mixed system. instance, 1983 round of concessions awarded 6 spaces newscasts, 3 of them conservative interests , 3 liberals.

most programadoras disappeared prior programadoras crisis did @ end of 1 of calendar years (for instance, noticiero criptón, programadora produced newscast same name, left air @ end of 1997). there several exceptions: jorge enrique pulido tv ceased operations in 1990 after proprietor died, , multimedia televisión; promec televisión; , cromavisión forced out nonpayment of debt (after caducidad administrativa, or administrative expiration of contracts these companies had inravisión, declared).

separate bidding cycles held program holidays (festivos), movies , special programs. promec , producciones eduardo lemaitre, later known cpt, pioneers in venue of programming. cpt sold in 1988, did not bid in 1991, , returned @ start of 1998.

in 1980s, oti colombia, consortium of programadoras had license broadcast olympic games , world cup, formed. included such major names r.t.i., caracol, rcn, punch, producciones jes , datos y mensajes.

1991 changes

the colombian constitution of 1991 precipitated major changes in way licensing handled. 31 programadoras applied, , 24 won. these 24 split 2 groups of 12, dubbed telenorte , telesur, air programs on competing channels. there several other major changes:

the quota nationally-produced content increased, 50% 60%.
in 1987 bidding cycle, programadoras allocated between 4 , 13.5 hours week. in 1991 bidding cycle, minimum 8 hours week, maximum of 16. companies, major increase in output, came increased costs inravisión programming time. (the minimum further raised 9.5 hours week in licitación of 1997.)
a new governing body established (in accordance article 77 of constitution of 1991) relieve inravisión of regulatory functions: comisión nacional de televisión (national television commission or cntv). entity began operations in 1995.

initially, contract run 6 years government retaining option extend contracts six. element dropped in new television law late in 1996, meant new licitación take place in 1997 new programming in 1998. qap, known impartiality , independence, believed act served solely them (as several other newscasts critical of government) off air , withdrew 1997 bidding.

there variety of issues accompanied new bidding cycle:

in 1983 , 1987 bidding cycles combined, 3 programadoras had disappeared result of losing bids, 6 vanished in 1991 cycle, including re creativa tv, protested along 4 other disqualified programadoras alleging illegality of licitación.
it worried cadena dos programadoras @ disadvantage. though channels had similar coverage area , technical capacity, both managed inravisión same transmitter sites, perceived positioning after cadena uno might hurt them. proposed names telecolombia , telenacional 2 channels, ultimately, 2 channels became cadena uno , canal a.

in march 1993, more ratings information came colombian screens. court decision forced inravisión ban sexual , violent scenes franja familiar (family block). programadoras required state if program appropriate minors view. in addition, programadoras had submit material inravisión 72 hours in advance determine suitability.

one additional programadora vanish in 1995-96, producciones cinevisión, on account of internal problems. spaces returned cntv.

privatization, recession , crisis

ratings share colombian tv channels 1998-2003. note shrinkage of green , yellow spaces belonging canal , canal uno , corresponding growth of rcn (red) , caracol (blue). source: ibope

in 1997, colómbia awarded 2 private television licenses caracol , rcn, 2 of largest programadoras; channels took air on july 10, 1998. 25 programadoras still applied spaces on 2 channels in licitación of 1997, however, including caracol , rcn had limited spaces on 2 major channels january–july 1998. however, caracol , rcn enjoyed limited output; notably, caracol left without timeslots on saturdays. other programadoras presented caracol s marquee programs on day, premier caracol movie (andes televisión , revived cpt) , long-running sábados felices variety show (coestrellas/cps/proyectamos televisión).

understanding more unity needed within each channel against new competition, programadoras began find ways cooperate. twelve canal companies formed canal society, within each of programadoras acquired program specialty. instance, rti produced novelas , large-scale game shows, while en vivo placed in charge of developing channel-wide news service. contracted 1 agency, mejía y asociados, market advertising entire channel, while began selling , buying programs single group on international market. there less cooperation on canal uno, companies operated in more independent manner, though several groups of companies began creating common advertising firms.

it known @ time public-commercial inravisión channels affected, nobody predicted rapid change was. in first year of private channels, growing @ rate anticipated fifth year of broadcasting.

the timing exceedingly poor. along decreases in advertising revenue related colombian recession of late 1990s, many of major advertisers, linked economic groups controlled caracol , rcn, pulled advertising budgets mixed system. survive financially, many companies turned televentas, or infomercials, caused viewers flee canal uno , canal a, did increased programming flexibility enjoyed new private channels. crisis on.

by 1999, programadoras had asked 6 of eighteen daily hours of programming removed , license costs lowered; collective deficits had reached 100 billion colombian pesos (about us$53 million) , 2001, combined debts exceed 26 billion pesos (about us$11.3 million). colombiana de televisión saw forced sell star program, padres e hijos, competitor caracol in order stay afloat.

the year 2000 saw several important programadoras leave air: tevecine, dfl televisión, punch, jes , cenpro televisión returned spaces cntv. spaces came in, audiovisuales, state programadora, saw sharp , unexpected increase in output — mere 5.5 hours @ start of 1998 whopping 41 hours week after punch s departure. many of these programs repeats, led further ratings declines. companies jes went being programadoras program producers private networks.

by march 2001, 6 companies had fallen under ley 550, bankruptcy reorganization law in force in colombia; number rose 7 july. later in year, en vivo, produced weeknight 9:30pm newscasts on canal a, made decision cease operations reasons included nonpayment of salaries of reporters , debt of 14 billion colombian pesos (over us$6 million). less ten programadoras left august 2001. companies continued work together, such partnership on canal included coestrellas, datos y mensajes , 2 other programadoras, flopped badly datos y mensajes flagship news program, noticiero tv hoy, off air end of 2001.

the situation continued worsen, , 1 channel affected more other: while on had ratings advantage on public competitor, canal began experience serious issues. 1 week in march, noticiero hora cero, last news program on channel, , producer cps went off air lack of money, news director calling action sign of sure death of channel; next, andes televisión , proyectamos televisión turned in slots , called quits due cntv banning infomercials , depriving companies of vital revenues. rapidly deteriorating situation prompted el tiempo newspaper dub channel dying lion , riff on long-standing lion-themed idents. coestrellas s mid-2003 liquidation left 1 programadora on canal side standing, rti. part of salvation plan (plan de salvamento) approved government on june 19, 2003, rti moved canal uno. after several months of showing nothing programs audiovisuales, state programadora (an arm of ministerio de comunicaciones), on october 24, 2003, canal became government-controlled señal institucional.

inravisión , audiovisuales liquidated in 2004, partly due programadoras crisis due out-of-date equipment and, in case of former, costly pension liabilities. inravisión replaced rtvc (radio televisión nacional de colombia), known rtvc sistema de medios públicos.

after crisis

the salvation plan of 2003 , licitación of same year resulted in dramatic realignment of survivors on canal uno. of 7 remnants, 6 grouped time-sharing cooperatives: jorge barón televisión newcomer sportsat, ntc colombiana de televisión , rti programar televisión, along cm&. each of 4 groups received 25% of canal uno s airtime, including production of newscast each group.

the original length of these contracts 10 years beginning january 1, 2014, except rti/programar contract, companies opted not renew, extended in september 2013 autoridad nacional de televisión (antv), successor of cntv, expiration date of april 30, 2017. rtvc sistema de medios públicos, along jorge barón/sportsat, ntc/coltevisión , cm&, program canal uno.

in november 2016, antv awarded canal uno s concession spaces 10 years (starting in may 2017) plural comunicaciones, consortium of cm&, ntc, rti , us-based firm hemisphere. bidding not without controversy. jorge barón televisión had asked review request extension of 10 years had made in 2013, antv denied. part, programar televisión filed criminal complaint against minister of information technologies , communications david luna , requested precautionary measures before superintendency of industry , commerce in order stop bidding, arguing not true company renounced tv spaces had until 2013. antv defended arguing adjudication @ time made temporary union between programar , rti , applied 40 months extension given licensees in 2013, though rti , programar didn t agree.