Behavior Bonobo

1 behavior

1.1 general
1.2 social behavior
1.3 sociosexual behaviour
1.4 diet
1.5 peacefulness
1.6 similarity humans

behavior
general

primatologist frans de waal states bonobos capable of altruism, compassion, empathy, kindness, patience, , sensitivity, , described bonobo society gynecocracy . primatologists have studied bonobos in wild have documented wide range of behaviors, including aggressive behavior , more cyclic sexual behavior similar chimpanzees, though fact remains bonobos show more sexual behavior in greater variety of relationships. analysis of female bonding among wild bonobos takeshi furuichi stresses female sexuality , shows how female bonobos spend more time in estrus female chimpanzees. primatologists have argued de waal s data reflect behavior of captive bonobos, suggesting wild bonobos show levels of aggression closer found among chimpanzees. de waal has responded contrast in temperament between bonobos , chimpanzees observed in captivity meaningful, because controls influence of environment. 2 species behave quite differently if kept under identical conditions. 2014 study found bonobos less aggressive chimpanzees, particularly eastern chimpanzees. authors argued relative peacefulness of western chimpanzees , bonobos due ecological factors.

social behavior

bonobos social.



bonobo searching termites

most studies indicate females have higher social status in bonobo society. aggressive encounters between males , females rare, , males tolerant of infants , juveniles. male derives status status of mother. mother–son bond stays strong , continues throughout life. while social hierarchies exist, , although son of high ranking female may outrank lower female, rank plays less prominent role in other primate societies.

because of promiscuous mating behavior of female bonobos, male cannot sure offspring his. result, entirety of parental care in bonobos assumed mothers.

bonobo party size tends vary because groups exhibit fission–fusion pattern. community of approximately 100 split small groups during day while looking food, , come sleep. sleep in nests construct in trees.

sociosexual behaviour


bonobos mating, jacksonville zoo , gardens.

sexual activity plays major role in bonobo society, being used scientists perceive greeting, means of forming social bonds, means of conflict resolution, , postconflict reconciliation. bonobos non-human animal have been observed engaging in tongue kissing. bonobos , humans primates typically engage in face-to-face genital sex, although pair of western gorillas has been photographed in position.

bonobos not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships individual partners. not seem discriminate in sexual behavior sex or age, possible exception of abstaining sexual activity between mothers , adult sons. when bonobos come upon new food source or feeding ground, increased excitement lead communal sexual activity, presumably decreasing tension , encouraging peaceful feeding. quality described dr. susan block bonobo way in book of same title bonobo way: evolution of peace through pleasure .

bonobo clitorises larger , more externalized in mammals; while weight of young adolescent female bonobo maybe half of human teenager, has clitoris 3 times bigger human equivalent, , visible enough waggle unmistakably walks . in scientific literature, female–female behavior of bonobos pressing genitals referred genito-genital (gg) rubbing, non-human analogue of tribadism, engaged in human females. sexual activity happens within immediate female bonobo community , outside of it. ethologist jonathan balcombe stated female bonobos rub clitorises rapidly ten twenty seconds, , behavior, may repeated in rapid succession, accompanied grinding, shrieking, , clitoral engorgement ; added estimated engage in practice once every 2 hours on average. because bonobos copulate face-to-face, evolutionary biologist marlene zuk has suggested position of clitoris in bonobos , other primates has evolved maximize stimulation during sexual intercourse . on other hand, frequency of face-to-face mating observed in zoos , sanctuaries not reflected in wild, , may artifact of captivity. position of clitoris may alternatively permit gg-rubbings, has been hypothesized function means female bonobos evaluate intrasocial relationships.

group of bonobos

bonobo males engage in various forms of male–male genital behavior. common form of male–male mounting similar of heterosexual mounting: 1 of males sits passively on [with] other male thrusting on him , penises rubbing due both males erections. in another, rarer form of genital rubbing, non-human analogue of frotting, engaged in human males, 2 bonobo males hang tree limb face-to-face while penis fencing. may occur when 2 males rub penises while in face-to-face position. form of genital interaction (rump rubbing) occurs express reconciliation between 2 males after conflict, when stand back-to-back , rub scrotal sacs together. takayoshi kano observed similar practices among bonobos in natural habitat. tongue kissing, oral sex, , genital massaging have been recorded among male bonobos.

more males, female bonobos engage in mutual genital behavior, possibly bond socially each other, forming female nucleus of bonobo society. bonding among females enables them dominate of males. although male bonobos individually stronger, cannot stand alone against united group of females. adolescent females leave native community join community. migration mixes bonobo gene pools, providing genetic diversity. sexual bonding other females establishes these new females members of group.

bonobo reproductive rates no higher of common chimpanzee. during oestrus, females undergo swelling of perineal tissue lasting 10 20 days. matings occur during maximum swelling. gestation period on average 240 days. postpartum amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) lasts less 1 year , female may resume external signs of oestrus within year of giving birth, though female not fertile @ point. female bonobos carry , nurse young 4 years , give birth on average every 4.6 years. compared common chimpanzees, bonobo females resume genital swelling cycle sooner after giving birth, enabling them rejoin sexual activities of society. also, bonobo females sterile or young reproduce still engage in sexual activity. mothers sons more matings females in estrus. adult male bonobos have sex infants. frans de waal, ethologist has studied bonobos, remarked, lot of things see, pedophilia , homosexuality, may leftovers consider unacceptable in our particular society.

it unknown how bonobo avoids simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) , effects.

diet

the bonobo omnivorous frugivore; 57% of diet fruit, supplemented leaves, honey, eggs, meat small vertebrates such anomalures, flying squirrels , duikers, , invertebrates. in instances, bonobos have been shown consume lower-order primates. claim bonobos have been known practise cannibalism in captivity, claim disputed others. however, @ least 1 confirmed report of cannibalism in wild of deceased infant described in 2008.

peacefulness

bonobo (pan paniscus) mother , infant @ lola ya bonobo

observations in wild indicate males among related common chimpanzee communities hostile males outside community. parties of males patrol neighboring males might traveling alone, , attack single males, killing them. not appear behavior of bonobo males or females, seem prefer sexual contact on violent confrontation outsiders. in fact, japanese scientists have spent time working wild bonobos describe species extraordinarily peaceful, , de waal has documented how bonobos may resolve conflicts sexual contact (hence make love, not war characterization species). between groups, social mingling may occur, in members of different communities have sex , groom each other, behavior unheard of among common chimpanzees. conflict still possible between rival groups of bonobos, no official scientific reports of exist. ranges of bonobos , chimpanzees separated congo river, bonobos living south of it, , chimpanzees north. has been hypothesized bonobos able live more peaceful lifestyle in part because of abundance of nutritious vegetation in natural habitat, allowing them travel , forage in large parties.

recent studies show there significant brain differences between bonobos , chimps. brain anatomy of bonobos has more developed , larger regions assumed vital feeling empathy, sensing distress in others , feeling anxiety, makes them less aggressive , more empathic close relatives. have thick connection between amygdala, important area can spark aggression, , ventral anterior cingulate cortex, helps control impulses. thicker connection may make them better @ regulating emotional impulses , behavior.

bonobo society dominated females, , severing lifelong alliance between mothers , male offspring may make them vulnerable female aggression. de waal has warned of danger of romanticizing bonobos: animals competitive nature , cooperative under specific circumstances , when first writing behaviour, spoke of sex peace precisely because bonobos had plenty of conflicts. there no need peacemaking if lived in perfect harmony.

surbeck , hohmann showed in 2008 bonobos hunt monkey species. 5 incidents observed in group of bonobos in salonga national park, seemed reflect deliberate cooperative hunting. on 3 occasions, hunt successful, , infant monkeys captured , eaten.

similarity humans

bonobos capable of passing mirror-recognition test self-awareness, great apes. communicate through vocal means, although meanings of vocalizations not known. however, humans understand facial expressions , of natural hand gestures, such invitation play. communication system of wild bonobos includes characteristic earlier known in humans: bonobos use same call mean different things in different situations, , other bonobos have take context account when determining meaning. 2 bonobos @ great ape trust, kanzi , panbanisha, have been taught how communicate using keyboard labeled lexigrams (geometric symbols) , can respond spoken sentences. kanzi s vocabulary consists of more 500 english words, , has comprehension of around 3,000 spoken english words. kanzi known learning observing people trying teach mother; kanzi started doing tasks mother taught watching, of mother had failed learn. some, such philosopher , bioethicist peter singer, argue these results qualify them rights survival , life —rights humans theoretically accord persons. (see great ape personhood) afterwards kanzi taught how use , create stone tools in 1990. then, within 3 years, 3 researchers—kathy schick, nicholas toth , gary garufi—wanted test kanzi s knapping skills. though kanzi able form flake technology, did not create way expected. unlike way hominids did it, held core in 1 hand , knapped other, kanzi threw cobble against hard surface or against cobble. allowed him produce larger force initiate fracture opposed knapping in hands.

as in other great apes , humans, third party affiliation toward victim—the affinitive contact made toward recipient of aggression group member other aggressor—is present in bonobos. 2013 study found both affiliation spontaneously offered bystander victim , affiliation requested victim (solicited affiliation) can reduce probability of further aggression group members on victim (this fact supporting victim-protection hypothesis). yet, spontaneous affiliation reduced victim anxiety—measured via self-scratching rates—thus suggesting not non-solicited affiliation has consolatory function spontaneous gesture—more protection itself—works in calming distressed subject. authors hypothesize victim may perceive motivational autonomy of bystander, not require invitation provide post-conflict affinitive contact. moreover, spontaneous—but not solicited—third party affiliation affected bond between consoler , victim (this supporting consolation hypothesis). importantly, spontaneous affiliation followed empathic gradient described humans, being offered kin, friends, acquaintances (these categories having been determined using affiliation rates between individuals). hence, consolation in bonobo may empathy-based phenomenon.

instances in non-human primates have expressed joy have been reported. 1 study analyzed , recorded sounds made human infants , bonobos when tickled. although bonobos laugh @ higher frequency, laugh found follow spectrographic pattern similar of human babies.

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